Kodi chakale ndi chiyani Kodi fuko la Germany lili ndi zofanana ndi zomangamanga za tchalitchi cha m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages?

Ndipo chiyani Kodi nkhani zouluka m'mabwalo a ndege zikugwirizana ndi nkhani zoopsa?

Pomaliza, kodi pali kugwirizana kotani pakati pa kupaka milomo yakuda ndi kuboola thupi?

Chigothi. Chigothiki. Kodi mawu amenewo amatanthauza chiyani, ndipo akugwirizana bwanji? Tiyeni tipeze yankho.

Chidutswa choyamba Nkhaniyi imayamba ndi a GOTHS, fuko lachi German lomwe linatchulidwa ndi Agiriki m'zaka za m'ma 4 BC. Tikuwadziwa, ndithudi, ngati gulu lomwe linagonjetsa Roma zaka 700 pambuyo pake, mu 410 AD.

Kwa chidziwitso chachiwiri, pitani patsogolo mpaka zaka za m'ma 1000 ndi 1100, nthawi yayitali pambuyo pa kugwa kwa ufumu wa Roma, pamene mtundu watsopano wa zomangamanga — zokhala ndi zipilala zolunjika, denga lokwera, ndi zipilala zouluka — unayamba ku Western Europe. Kapangidwe kameneka kanatsogolera ku nyumba zazikulu ndi matchalitchi akuluakulu a m'zaka za m'ma 500.

Ngakhale lero Timatchula kalembedwe kameneka kuti GOTHIC, panthawiyo kankatchedwa "Ntchito Yachifalansa" chifukwa cha chiyambi chake ku France.

Koma tsopano kulumpha mpaka mu 1453 ndi kugwa kwa otsala a kum'mawa kwa Ufumu wa Roma kwa a Ottoman. Atathamangitsidwa ndi kugwa kwa Constantinople, akatswiri achigiriki anathawira Kumadzulo, atanyamula zolemba za Agiriki akale ndi Aroma.

Kuwerengedwa kwambiri Ku Ulaya konse, zolemba zakale zinali vumbulutso, zomwe zinayambitsa kubadwanso kwatsopano - komwe tsopano timakutcha kuti Kubadwanso Kwatsopano - m'magawo onse a chikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo zomangamanga. Kalembedwe kakale ka Agiriki ndi Aroma, ndi zipilala zake ndi ma domes ndi mawonekedwe ake okongola, zinatchuka kwambiri.

Bwanji nanga Matchalitchi ndi nyumba zachifumu zokongola zimenezo? Sizaulemerero kwenikweni. Popeza zinkaoneka ngati zakale komanso zodzaza ndi zinthu zakale, zinayamba kugwirizanitsidwa ndi mbiri yakuda komanso yankhanza. Kuchokera pa "zankhanza" zinali kusintha kochepa m'malingaliro ndi zilankhulo kupita ku "anthu akunja" omwe anawononga dziko lakale la Roma - a Goth. Ndicho chifukwa chake tinafika pa zomangamanga za GOTHIC.

Chidziwitso chachitatu zimatifikitsa ku 1764, pamene Horace Walpole anasindikiza Nyumba ya Otranto: Nkhani ya GothicBukuli — lomwe lili m'nyumba yachifumu yamdima, yoopsa, yokhala ndi ndende zapansi panthaka, njira zobisika, zinthu zodabwitsa zauzimu, ndi mtsikana amene anali pamavuto — linapambana kwambiri, ndipo linapanga mtundu watsopano wa nkhani zoopsa.

Kwa zaka zambiri, ntchito zofanana ndi izi: Frankenstein, Hunchback wa Notre Dame, Dracula, Kugwa kwa Nyumba ya Usher, ndi Phantom of the Opera Ndi ena mwa odziwika bwino. Zonsezi zili ndi malo amdima oopsa — nyumba zachifumu zoopsa, nyumba za amonke, nyumba za amonke, kapena nyumba zakale — zomwe zinatikumbutsa za zomangamanga zolemera, zakale zomwe panthawiyo zinkadziwika kuti Gothic. Ndipo motero tafika pa buku la GOTHIC.

Pang'onopang'ono, kutsindika kwa nkhani zongopeka zachi Gothic kunasintha kuchoka pa malo ochititsa manyazi kupita ku zolengedwa zomwe zili pakati pa nkhani — zilombo, mizimu, mizimu, ndi ma vampire — kapena ku anthu amdima, okwiya, nthawi zina oipa.

Wachinayi komanso womaliza Chidutswa cha chithunzichi chinabwera mu 1979, chaka chomwe gulu la nyimbo la post-punk Bauhaus linatulutsa "Bela Lugoi's Dead." Nyimboyi ikunena za filimu ya 1931. Dracula ndi nyenyezi yake yaku Hungary, Bela Lugosi. Bauhaus ndi magulu ena a nyimbo za post-punk amadziwika kuti ndi omwe adalimbikitsa kukongola kwa chikhalidwe chapansi panthaka - zovala zakuda, misomali, milomo, ndi eyeliner - zomwe zimakumbutsa nkhani za Gothic. Ndi GOTH, man.

Ndiye ife tiri: Tachoka ku ma GOTHS kupita ku ma GOTHS kupita ku ma GOTHS kupita ku ma GOTHS. Ndipo zinatenga zaka 2,300 zokha.

TSOPANO? Tikambirana za buku la Gothic m'zaka za m'ma 21. Khalani tcheru.

Kumasulira mabuku Kungakhale bizinesi yachinyengo; kungowerenga ndemanga za m'mabuku m'manyuzipepala akuluakulu a tsiku ndi tsiku—kapena ndemanga za makasitomala pa Amazon. Ngakhale makalabu owerenga mabuku amatha kudzipangira okha njira zosiyanasiyana zowerengera mawu omwewo.

Komabe ngati titaphunzira chilichonse kuchokera ku Post Modernism, ndichakuti mawu samangokhala ndi tanthauzo limodzi lokha ... ndichifukwa chake zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri kukumana ndi izi ndemanga lolembedwa ndi Margaret Atwood.

Sindili womasuka kutanthauzira ntchito yanga. Ndikanati ndipereke imodzi, ingakhale kutanthauzira komveka bwino, kulepheretsa owerenga kupeza matanthauzo awoawo..

Kambiranani za kudzichepetsa. Atwood akuvomereza kuti ngakhale wolemba angagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zonse pa nkhani ndi anthu, iye alibe mphamvu zotero pa owerenga ake.

Owerenga ayenera kukhala omasuka, akuoneka kuti akupereka lingaliro, kuti apeze matanthauzo, osiyana ndi ake. Zimenezo zingatanthauzenso kuti ndi osiyana ndi owerenga ena—onse omwe malingaliro awo angakhale olondola mofanana.

ChenjezoMawu ogwiritsira ntchito mu chiganizo pamwambapa ndi "mwina" — matanthauzidwe ena mulole Zilinso zovomerezeka—zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sitili omasuka kuchoka pamalo osungidwira ndikuwombera chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda. Kutanthauzira kuyenera kuthandizidwa ndi umboni womwe uli m'malembawo komanso mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo la ntchitoyo.

Mwanjira ina"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening" ya Robert Frost ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri. OSATI za Santa Claus(Ndinali ndi wophunzira wina amene ankanena kuti ndi zoona—kulakwitsa nthabwala ya m'mabuku.)

Chitani zinthu zachinsinsi Ndipo nkhani zochititsa chidwi zimapangitsa kuti mabuku aziwerengedwa bwino m'magulu? Chofunika kwambiri, kodi zimabweretsa zokambirana zabwino?

Yendani pang'onopang'ono kudzera m'ndandanda uliwonse wa mabuku ogulitsidwa kwambiri; mupeza nkhani zochititsa chidwi komanso nkhani zofufuza milandu pamwamba (kapena pafupi) ndi pamwamba. Ndimakonda zinsinsi zokayikitsa (kukonda iwo)! Koma nayi lingaliro langa—werengani nthawi yanu. Sikuti zimangolimbikitsa zokambirana zabwino za m'magulu a mabuku, makamaka chifukwa chakuti anthu otchulidwa m'nkhaniyi sadziwa bwino zomwe zikuchitika...ndipo kukambirana nkhani kumayambira pa "munkadziwa chiyani ndipo munadziwa liti?"

PaliInde, zosiyana. Olemba angapo aposachedwapa asintha mtundu wa nkhani ... kusuntha nkhani yochititsa chidwi yachinsinsi/upandu kukhala "nkhani zongopeka." Kodi zimenezo zikutanthauza chiyani?

Pamene otsutsa amalankhula monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nkhani yokhudza upandu—makamaka Gillian Flynn watsopano Wopanda Mtsikana...kapena Tana French's Doko Losweka—akulankhula za nkhani zodabwitsa, nthawi zambiri zanzeru; chitukuko cha makhalidwe abwino; ndi kufufuza malingaliro a filosofi. Kate atkinson ndi wolemba wina amene wasintha mtundu wa mabuku kukhala wapamwamba kwambiri.

Atatuwo—Flynn, French, ndi Atkinson—si olemba nkhani odabwitsa okha...atchulidwa kuti ndi olemba omwe amafufuza mozama za khalidwe, zolinga, momwe zakale zimakhudzira nthawi ino, komanso chikhalidwe cha zabwino ndi zoyipa. Amatipangitsa kuganizira za ubale wathu, komanso zisankho zosatsimikizika zomwe moyo nthawi zina umatipatsa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, amatipanga kukhala olemba odabwitsa. ndikuganiza...ndipo kuganiza nthawi zonse kumabweretsa zokambirana zabwino m'mabuku!

Pamwamba pa kulemba bwino, pali zofunikira zina ziwiri pa nkhani zazikulu/zosangalatsa:

1. Wolemba ayenera kutulutsa mzere pang'onopang'ono, podziwa nthawi yoyenera kubisa—ndi nthawi yoyenera kumasula—chidziwitso. Ndi njira yofotokozera nkhani yomwe imadziwika kuti "kuwulula kosalekeza,"—zinsinsi zimadalira pa izi; kwenikweni, ndi khalidwe lawo lodziwika bwino. (Onani LitCourse 6 pa Chiwembu.)
2. Zizindikiro ziyenera kubisika poyera—koma mwanzeru kwambiri kotero kuti owerenga sangazindikire. Zinsinsi zazikulu zimaonekera ngati ziwerengedwanso, zomwe zimangowulula momwe, nthawi, ndi komwe wolembayo anabisira zizindikirozo.

Ngati palibe chilichonse mwa zinthu zimenezi chomwe chakwaniritsidwa, nkhaniyi imakhala yodziwikiratu, yotaya chinthu chodabwitsa—chinthu chomwe chimapangitsa zinsinsi ndi zinthu zosangalatsa kukhala zosangalatsa kwambiri.

Mwaonapo zojambula zomwe anthu amanena chinthu china—koma iwo akuganiza china. Cholinga cha wolemba chili ngati chimenecho.

Contemporary chiphunzitso cha zolemba chimatsutsa lingaliro lakuti olemba kunena zomwe amatanthauza—chifukwa mawu omwe ali patsamba lino nthawi zina samagwirizana ndi tanthauzo lawo. Kapena owerenga amapeza matanthauzo ena omwe olemba sanaganizirepo.

Nayi kuyankhulana ndi Peter Carey*, wolemba buku la Parrot ndi Olivier ku America ndi Oscar ndi Lucinda. Mmodzi mwa omvera anafunsa Carey za nkhani ina mu buku lomaliza lomwe linamukumbutsa za Adamu akilawa CHIPATSO CHOLETSEDWA.

Nayi yankho la Carey:

Kalembedwe kanu ndi kolondola, ndikuganiza, ndipo kakugwirizana ndi bukuli komanso cholinga changa, koma sindinaganizepo kalikonse.

Kenako anati…

Kodi zimenezo si zachilendo pankhani ya mabuku? Zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ngati owerenga awerenga chifukwa mpaka nthawi imeneyo… ndi mawu omwe ali patsamba…. Aliyense amabweretsa miyoyo yake, ndi zomwe adakumana nazo, nzeru zake… kenako buku limapangidwa! Ndipo ndicho chodabwitsa cha mabuku.

Palibe aliyense akanatha kufotokoza bwino. Mutha kumvetsera kuyankhulana konse kuchokera apa 2003 BBC World Book Club kufalitsa.

* Carey, mwa njira, ndi wopambana mphoto ziwiri za MAN-BOOKER. Inde, adapambana kawiri—chifukwa cha Oscar ndi Lucinda (1988) ndi za Mbiri Yeniyeni ya Kelly Gang (2000). (JM Coetzee ndi Hilary Mantel ndi okhawo omwe apambana kawiri.)

Olive Kitteridge  Buku la Elizabeth Strout linandipangitsa kuganizira za malingaliro—amene angafotokoze nkhaniyo. Buku la Elizabeth Strout linasintha kuchoka pa khalidwe kupita pa khalidwe lina, njira yofotokozera nkhani yomwe imapatsa ntchito yake kuzama ndi kukongola. 

Timaona Olive , osati momwe amaonera yekha, komanso momwe anthu ammudzi amamuonera. Phindu lake ndi chithunzi chabwino komanso chovuta kwambiri cha Olive kuposa momwe akanakhala kuti iye yekha—kapena wofotokoza nkhani m'modzi yekha—anatiuza nkhaniyi.

Maganizo , kapena kaonedwe ka zinthu, ndi chimodzi mwa zisankho zofunika kwambiri zomwe wolemba ayenera kupanga. Aliyense amene akufotokoza nkhaniyo ndiye amachititsa nkhaniyo.

Masewera ang'onoang'ono : tengani mabuku angapo, sinthani ofotokozera nkhani…ndipo onani zomwe zikuchitika. Yesani izi ngati ntchito ya kalabu ya mabuku. Nazi malingaliro ena oyambira:

• Zotsalira za Tsikulo: bwanji ngati Abiti Kenton akananena nkhaniyi m'malo mwa Stevens? Sitikanamvetsa bwino nkhani ya munthu wongopeka. Ndipotu, ngati sitinali m'mutu mwa Stevens, akanaoneka ngati chilombo chopanda chisoni.
  
  
• Gileadi: ngati titawona nkhaniyi kudzera mwa Jack Boughton wonyenga komanso wosadalirika, mwana wolowerera wa nkhaniyi, sitikanamva manyazi athu pamene ife, pamodzi ndi Reverend Ames, tikupereka chiweruzo mwadala pa munthu wosamvetsetseka. 

Zambiri zokhudza mfundo zina zidzabwera mtsogolo. Pakadali pano tengani LitCourse 8 yathu yaulere pa Mfundo ya Maganizo. Ndi yosangalatsa…yachangu…ndipo yophunzitsa.

Chimodzi mwa zosangalatsa Kuwerenga ndi anthu omwe timakumana nawo mkati mwa mabuku, zolengedwa zamabuku zomwe zimatuluka patsamba ndikulowa m'miyoyo yathu. Momwe olemba amachitira izi—momwe amapangira anthu awo kukhala amoyo kwa ife—ndi chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zazikulu za zaluso.

Olemba nthawi zonse amanena kuti anthu omwe ali m'nkhaniyi amadzipangira okha miyoyo yawo. Nayi Stephen L. Carter ( The Emperor of Ocean Park ):

Nthawi zina ndinkadabwa ndi mavuto omwe anthu omwe ndinkawachita, komanso momwe ankandikwiyira komanso modzikuza omwe ankandipempha kuti ndilembe njira yoti athawire.

Ndipo apa pali Philip Roth ndi Terry Gross wa NPR Fresh Air:

Zamatsenga zina, alchemy ina pakati pa kudziwa ndi kuzindikira zinthu mwanzeru imalowa m'malo mwake ndipo anthu athu amatenga miyoyo yawoyawo. Nthawi yoyamba izi zinandichitikira ndinamva ngati wolemba weniweni…. Julia Cameron adatsimikiza mtima pamene analemba kuti, “Si nkhani yongopeka zinthu koma kuzichotsa .”

Ngakhale wolemba sewero Edward Albee (Ndani Akuopa Virginia Woolf?) atafunsidwa ngati anthu omwe anali kumulamulira adawonetsa kuti anali amoyo mwanjira ina:

Ndimakonda kuwalola kuganiza kuti ali ndi luso. Ndi chinyengo chomwe timachita tokha. Salipo, ndipo sanganene chilichonse pokhapokha titawalembera. Koma zimawasangalatsa kuganiza kuti ndi odziyimira pawokha. Boston Phoenix

Zonsezi sizikutanthauza kuti olemba safunika kuganiza, ndi kuganiza mozama, za anthu omwe ali m'nkhaniyi. Ndikufuna kupitiriza kukambirana za anthu—zomwe zimafunika kuti munthu akhale wabwino—mu positi ina. Khalani tcheru.

Malingaliro a Makalabu Ogulitsira Mabuku

1. Tengani LitCourse 5 yathu yaulere—zokhudza kufotokoza makhalidwe a anthu, momwe timalankhulira za iwo ndi momwe olemba amawafotokozera. Ndi yaifupi komanso yosangalatsa...ndipo yophunzitsa.
2. Kambiranani za ena mwa anthu omwe mumakonda kwambiri m'mabuku. Kapena ena mwa anthu omwe akhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali m'mabuku.
   
   

Zanenedwa kuti ife Khalani mu nthawi ya nthabwala—nthabwala zayamba kale; kuona mtima kwatha. Ndi kufunika kosakhala wodzipereka komwe kuli kofunika. 

Kodi chipongwe n’chiyani? Taganizirani Seinfeld—”Chilichonse…,” “Duh…,” “Inde, riiiight”—onse anatero ndi nsidze yokhotakhota, akutsinzina maso. “Maganizo achipongwe” ndi kudzipatula.

Ponena za nkhani zongopeka, olemba, otsutsa, ndi owerenga amakonda zoseketsa—posachedwapa, Jonathan Franzen’s Corrections , Gary Shteyngart’s Absurdistan , Zadie Smith’s On Beauty , ndi Bridget Jones ’s Helen Fielding . Ngakhale mabuku akale monga Pride and Prejudice amaonedwa kuti ndi oseketsa.

Mtundu wa chipongwe wa Jane Austen umachokera ku nzeru zake zosokoneza, zomwe zimasokoneza kapangidwe ka magulu ndi makhalidwe abwino. Ndi mtundu wa chipongwe chomwe chilipo masiku ano: chomwe chimavumbula chinyengo ndikuboola mabodza m'mabodza, zikhulupiriro ndi mabungwe omwe sakuyimiranso chowonadi kapena tanthauzo.

Koma nkhani yoseketsa m'mabuku ndi yovuta kwambiri. Yakhalapo kuyambira nthawi ya Oedipus—munthu amene amakwatira amayi ake mosadziwa; amene amafunafuna wakupha mfumu, koma n’kupeza yekha; ndipo amene amaona mkati mwake akangokhala wakhungu.

Olemba kuyambira ku Sophoclese mpaka pansi agwiritsa ntchito zoseketsa chifukwa zimatsanzira moyo. Ngakhale zoseketsa zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, tanthauzo lofala kwambiri ndi losiyana ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa: mfumu yochepetsedwa; munthu wosafunikira kukwezedwa; mapulani abwino kwambiri asokonekera.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza nthabwala, onani LitCourse 8 —yochokera ku nkhani yaifupi yodabwitsa ya Edith Wharton ya “Roman Fever.” Maphunzirowo ndi afupiafupi, aulere, komanso osangalatsa! (Ndipo zimenezo sizoseketsa.)

Kodi duwa ndi liti osati duwa? Pamene ndi chizindikiro. Kodi olemba amapanga zizindikiro zolemba mwadala? Kapena zizindikiro ndi chinthu chomwe aphunzitsi a Chingerezi amapanga kuti azunze ophunzira. Zingakhale ... koma nayi nkhani yaying'ono.

—Nkhani Yaing'ono—

Ndinalemba ndakatulo ya kalasi yanga ya Chingerezi yokhudza kukongola kwa duwa limodzi. Mundimvetse ndikakuuzani kuti silinali lokoma.

Koma mphunzitsiyo anatchulapo! Anati chinali chitsanzo chabwino cha chizindikiro: kukongola kwa duwa limodzi kunali momwe amaonera ophunzira ake. Mu gulu lathu sitinali osiyana kwambiri, koma aliyense payekhapayekha tinapeza kukongola kwapadera. Anzanga, ndinalemba ntchito yodabwitsa ... ndipo sindinadziwe.

Chilimbikitso changa chachikulu chinali chochokera ku duwa la pulasitiki lotsika mtengo lomwe linaikidwa mu chogwirira changa cha pensulo, ndipo ndinangopeza chinthucho pamene diso langa linkayendayenda m'chipindamo. Kukongola kwa kudziyimira pawokha sikunali kodziwika bwino.

Komabe ndicho chimene wolemba William J. Kennedy ( Ironweed, 1983) ankanena pamene analemba mu nkhani ya New York Times kuti gwero la luso la wolemba silichokera ku ...

kudzuka kuchokera m'buku lake koma kuchokera mkati mwa chikumbumtima chake, chomwe chimadziwa chilichonse kulikonse komanso nthawi zonse: chosungiramo chinsinsi chomwe chimasungidwa mu mzimu pobadwa, cholimbikitsidwa ndi mphindi iliyonse ya moyo.....
                    —William Kennedy, “Chifukwa Chake Zinatenga Nthawi Yaitali,”
                       New York Times, 5 / 20 / 1990

Kulemba ndi njira yachinsinsi , ndipo zizindikiro nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku chikumbumtima, zomwe zimasonyeza chinthu chomwe chili mkati mwa maganizo a wolemba.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, duwa langa limodzi likanaoneka losungulumwa komanso lopanda chiyembekezo. Kapena ndikanalemba kuti fungo lake likanakhala lamphamvu ngati gawo la maluwa. Koma zimaonekera kuti ndimakonda kukhala ndekha kapena ndi anzanga maso ndi maso. Ndipo ndimapewa magulu akuluakulu. Chifukwa chake mwina ngakhale ndili wachinyamata duwa limenelo linali ndi mphamvu yozindikira.

Ayi, olemba nthawi zambiri safuna kuti zizindikiro zawo zikhalepo; zizindikiro nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa china chake chamkati. Ndipo owerenga? Malingaliro athu pa ntchito amachokera mkati mwathu.

Ngati mukufuna kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza zizindikiro—chifukwa chake olemba amazigwiritsa ntchito, momwe amathandizira pa ntchito yongopeka—tengani LitCourse 9Ndi yaifupi, yaulere, komanso yosangalatsa kwambiri.